Questions and answers

A water analysis is an investigation where substances and microorganisms in drinking water are identified - from minerals to contaminants. The sample is analyzed in an accredited laboratory according to the Swedish Food Agency's standards.

You should perform an analysis when:

• You have your own well or lake water as your water source
• You have installed a new filter or purification system
• The water has an unusual smell, taste, or color
• There is agriculture or industry nearby
• As a regular check (recommended every 3 years) – order your water analysis here

The results show whether the water is potable, potable with remarks, or non-potable according to Swedish drinking water requirements.

An accredited water analysis is performed in a laboratory approved and controlled by Swedac (The Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment). It is the only type of water analysis you should trust when it comes to your and your family's health.

What does accreditation mean?

Accreditation means that the laboratory has proven that they work according to strict international standards (ISO 17025). The laboratory:

• Is regularly audited by independent inspectors
• Uses calibrated and controlled equipment
• Has trained personnel with documented competence
• Follows validated analysis methods
• Participates in comparative tests with other laboratories
• Must document and trace every step of the analysis process

Why is it important? Your drinking water can contain invisible dangers - bacteria, PFAS, arsenic, lead, or other hazardous substances. An incorrect analysis might claim the water is safe when it is not, or vice versa. With accredited analysis, you get results you can truly rely on.

Typical scam: You receive a result stating "serious problems with iron and bacteria" (which is common and easy to solve) and immediately an aggressive offer to buy their filter system for 30,000-60,000 SEK. They over-dramatize normal problems and recommend unnecessarily expensive and oversized solutions.

How to recognize unreliable providers:

• They cannot show Swedac accreditation (or avoid the question)
• Price under 1000 SEK for a "complete" analysis (too cheap to be a genuine lab)
• The analysis is done "immediately" or within 1-2 days (real bacterial analyses take 3-5 days)
• They sell filters directly on the same page as the analysis
• No transparency about which laboratory is used
• Results without a clear report or accreditation logo
• High-pressure phone sales after the analysis

Legally valid results: Accredited analyses are the only ones accepted by municipal environmental offices, banks, insurance companies, and for property sales. A cheap home analysis is worthless in these contexts.

Svenskt Vattenprov's guarantee: We ONLY work with Swedac-accredited laboratories that follow the regulations of the Swedish Food Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Our results are thoroughly analyzed, professionally reviewed, and legally valid. We do not sell filters - we provide objective information so you can make the right choices.

You always receive a full report with an accreditation logo, clear explanations of each parameter, and honest recommendations. No sales tricks, just reliable information.

Invest in security: An accredited water analysis costs more than a cheap home test, but it's worth the money. Your family's health is too important to risk with unreliable analyses.

Order your accredited water analysis at svensktvattenprov.se.

At Svenskt Vattenprov, we offer complete water analyses from accredited laboratories. The price varies depending on which parameters you want to analyze.

Our analysis packages:

• Basic analysis: Includes the most important parameters - bacteria, pH, hardness, iron, manganese, and color. Perfect for regular checks.
• Extended analysis: Add heavy metals, nitrate, fluoride, and more parameters for a comprehensive picture.
• PFAS analysis: Specific analysis of PFAS substances - important if you live near a fire training ground or industry.
• Radon analysis: Measures radon levels in the water - recommended for wells in granite areas.

What's included: All our analysis packages include sampling equipment with clear instructions, return shipping to the laboratory, analysis results within 10 days, and an easy-to-understand report with explanations. You also receive concrete recommendations on what measures may be needed.

Why choose Svenskt Vattenprov? We only work with Swedac-accredited laboratories and follow the regulations of the Swedish Food Agency. The results are legally valid and can be used for property sales or grant applications.

Visit svensktvattenprov.se for current prices and order easily online. Read more about how to interpret your analysis in our Knowledge Base.

Conductivity (electrical conductivity) measures the water's ability to conduct electric current, which depends on the amount of dissolved salts and minerals. It provides a quick indication of the total amount of dissolved substances.

Normal values: 10-40 mS/m for natural groundwater in Sweden. Higher values may indicate salty, hard water, or contamination.

High values can be due to:

• High levels of calcium/magnesium (hard water)
• Salt intrusion (chloride)
• Sewer leakage (chloride and nitrate)
• Naturally mineral-rich water

Conductivity in itself is not dangerous, but high values should lead to a more detailed analysis to identify the substances that caused the value. It is also a good way to monitor the function of filters - RO filters significantly reduce conductivity.

Yes, there are several ways to perform simple tests at home, but for a complete analysis, a laboratory is needed.

Home tests that work:

• pH test: Test strips or digital pH meter (50-500 SEK) - quite reliable
• Hardness test: Drop test to measure calcium/magnesium (100-300 SEK) - works well
• Chlorine test: Test strips for chlorine residue (50-200 SEK)
• Multi-test kits: Tests several parameters at once (200-600 SEK) - indicative

Limitations of home tests:

• Not as accurate as laboratory tests
• Does not cover bacteria, heavy metals, or PFAS
• Not legally valid when documentation is needed
• Can be difficult to interpret correctly

When you MUST use a laboratory:

• Bacterial analysis
• Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, etc.)
• PFAS and pesticides
• When selling a property
• To apply for grants or tax deductions for household services (ROT-avdrag)

Home tests are good for follow-up between full laboratory analyses, but do not replace the initial basic analysis.

At Svenskt Vattenprov, we have specialized in water analyses since 2018. We offer the safest and most complete analyses on the market for private individuals with their own water source.

Reasons to choose Svenskt Vattenprov:

1. Accredited laboratories: We only collaborate with Swedac-accredited laboratories that follow the regulations of the Swedish Food Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results are legally valid and can be used for property sales or grant applications.

2. Complete service: Everything is included - sampling equipment with clear instructions, return shipping, analysis, and an easy-to-understand report. You don't have to worry about anything.

3. Clear results: We don't just provide numbers - we explain what each parameter means, if there are health risks, and what measures may be needed. Easy to understand even if you're not an expert.

4. Fast turnaround times: You will have your results within 10 days. We know that waiting can be difficult if you are worried about water quality.

5. Personal advice: Do you have questions about your analysis or what filters you need? Our team of water experts will help you free of charge.

6. Broad expertise: We help thousands of property owners every year with everything from simple well analyses to complex PFAS tests. We have seen most things and can give you the right advice based on experience.

7. Knowledge Base: On our website, you will find comprehensive information about water, filters, and water quality. Read more in our Knowledge Base and learn to interpret your analysis.

Protect your family's health - order your water analysis today at svensktvattenprov.se. Secure sampling, professional analysis, and clear answers within 10 days.

Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium from chalk-rich bedrock. It causes limescale deposits in pipes, faucets, and appliances, poor soap lathering, and dry skin.

Solution: Water softeners with ion exchange are the most common and effective method. The filter exchanges calcium and magnesium for sodium, providing soft water throughout the house. The system requires salt and regenerates automatically.

Reverse osmosis (RO) can be used at individual taps (e.g., in the kitchen) for drinking water, but is not practical for the whole house.

Acidic water has a pH value below 6.5. It is common in areas with peatland or spruce forest. Acidic water dissolves metals from pipes and faucets, which can lead to high levels of copper and lead in the drinking water.

Problems with acidic water:

• Corrosion of copper and lead surfaces
• Blue-green water from copper
• Metallic taste
• Leakage and shorter lifespan of pipes
• Health risks from metals in the water

Solution: Neutralization filters with calcium material (calcium carbonate) raise the pH value. The water passes through the calcium, which neutralizes the acid. The calcium must be refilled 1-2 times a year.

Brown or reddish-brown water is most often caused by iron and manganese - natural metals from the bedrock. When water comes into contact with air, the metals oxidize and cause discoloration. It is not harmful to health but causes rust stains on porcelain, textiles, and faucets.

Limit values: Iron max 200 µg/l and manganese max 50 µg/l according to the Swedish Food Agency.

Solution: Oxidation filters where iron and manganese are oxidized and then filtered out. Common filter types are manganese green sand or pyrolox. The filter requires automatic backwashing 1-3 times a week to remove accumulated particles.

If you also have a low pH, you should address that first, as acidic water can exacerbate the problem with iron and manganese.

Humus is organic material from the decomposition of plants and leaves. It gives the water a yellowish-brown to brown color, especially in lakes and streams in forest areas. The water is clear but colored - unlike cloudy water with particles.

Humus itself is not harmful to health, but it lowers pH, can protect bacteria from UV light, and forms harmful substances if the water is chlorinated.

Solution: For moderate humus levels, activated carbon filters are used to adsorb humus. For high levels (common in lake water), coagulation is required, where chemicals cause humus to clump together, followed by a sand filter and activated carbon. UV light must be applied AFTER humus removal because UV does not work in brown water.

Cloudy water contains visible particles - sand, clay, sludge, or bacterial colonies. It can be due to several causes:

Common causes:

• Particles from the well (sand, clay) - especially after periods of rain
• Iron/manganese that has oxidized and formed particles
• Iron bacteria or other microorganisms
• Disruptions in the pipe network (excavation, repairs)
• Air in the pipes (looks cloudy but clears quickly)

Solution: Sediment filters (5-50 microns) remove most particles. For shallow wells with a lot of sand, install a sand separator. For iron bacteria, shock chlorination of the well is needed, followed by an oxidation filter. Also check the well's construction - cracks that allow surface water to enter should be sealed.

Cloudy water must always be treated before UV light can be used, as particles protect bacteria from UV radiation.

A rotten egg smell is due to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a gas formed when sulfate-reducing bacteria break down organic matter under anaerobic conditions. It is common in deep wells or wells with organic matter.

The smell is unpleasant but rarely harmful to health in low concentrations. However, it can corrode pipes and cause discoloration.

Solution: Aeration of the water (hydrogen sulfide escapes as gas), activated carbon filters, or oxidation with chlorine/potassium permanganate followed by filtration. For bacterial problems, shock chlorination of the well may be needed. Then install UV light or a continuous oxidation filter.

Unusual taste can have many causes:

Metallic: Iron, manganese, copper, or zinc from pipes or bedrock.

Chlorine taste: Chlorination (common in municipal water) - activated carbon removes chlorine.

Salty/brackish: Chloride from sea influence, road salt, or sewage.

Earthy/musty: Organic matter, humus, or algae influence in lake water.

Plastic: New hoses or pipes - flush thoroughly.

Solution: Perform a water analysis to identify the cause. Activated carbon filters improve taste and odor for most problems. For metallic taste, check pH and possible corrosion in pipes.

High chloride levels can be due to several causes: sea intrusion (coastal wells), road salting, sewage leakage, or natural salt in the bedrock.

Limit value: Max 100 mg/l according to the Swedish Food Agency for good taste, but max 300 mg/l for safety.

Problem: Salty taste, corrosion of stainless steel and aluminum parts, and may indicate saltwater intrusion which can worsen over time.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) effectively removes chloride. For very high levels near the coast, the well may be drilled too shallow or too close to the sea - consider drilling deeper or moving the intake. Also check the sewage system and drainage around the well.

Fluoride occurs naturally in some rocks and can be found in well water. In low doses (0.5-1.5 mg/l), it can protect against tooth decay, but in high doses, it can be harmful.

Limit value: Max 1.5 mg/l according to the Swedish Food Agency. Higher levels can cause dental damage (fluorosis) in children and, in the long term, skeletal damage.

Sweden does not add fluoride to drinking water (unlike some other countries), but naturally occurring fluoride can exceed the limit values in some areas.

Solution: For high fluoride levels, special adsorption filters or reverse osmosis (RO) are used. Activated carbon does not remove fluoride. Always check fluoride levels if you have children in the household.

Water quality can change throughout the year, especially for shallow wells and lake water. This is due to precipitation, temperature, groundwater levels, and biological activity.

Spring/autumn: Increased precipitation can dilute certain substances but also carry down surface pollutants. Humus levels often increase.

Summer: Lower groundwater levels can concentrate minerals. Algal blooms in lakes can cause odor and taste. Bacterial growth increases in warm water.

Winter: Freezing conditions can affect surface water. Road salt can leak into groundwater.

Recommendation: Take water samples both in spring and autumn to get a complete picture. Filters and purification systems should be dimensioned for the worst period. For lake water, have extra filter preparedness during the autumn rainy season.

Bacteria such as E. coli and coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination and can cause stomach illness. If your water analysis shows bacteria, you must act immediately.

Solution: UV light is the most recommended method. UV lamps kill bacteria and viruses by destroying their DNA. It does not affect taste, odor, or pH and requires no chemicals. The UV lamp is replaced once a year.

Important: UV light requires clear water. If you have particles, humus, or colored water, it must be filtered first. You must also address the cause of bacterial contamination - seal the well, check sewage, and ensure the well cap is intact.

Reverse osmosis also removes bacteria but is primarily used at individual taps. For lake water, UV light is NECESSARY, not optional.

Legionella is a bacterium that grows in warm water (20-50°C) and can cause Legionnaires' disease - a severe form of pneumonia. It spreads through inhalation of water droplets, not by drinking the water.

Risk zones: Hot water heaters, shower hoses, spas, and other systems with stagnant hot water.

Prevention:

• Keep hot water above 60°C in the heater
• Let water run in rarely used faucets
• Clean shower heads regularly
• Avoid dead ends in the piping system
• Thermal disinfection (heating to 70°C) if suspected

Legionella is not filtered out by common filters, but UV light for cold water can reduce the risk. The most important thing is to prevent growth by maintaining the correct temperature.

Lake water usually contains particles, humus, bacteria, and organic matter. The quality varies with the season and weather. A multi-stage process is required to make it safe to drink.

Minimum requirements for lake water:

1. Pre-filter/sediment filter - removes particles and sand
2. Activated carbon - removes humus, odor, and taste
3. UV light - kills bacteria and viruses (MUST be present!)

Optimal system: Add an iron/manganese filter (if needed) and reverse osmosis at the drinking tap for extra safety.

Maintenance is critical - pre-filters are changed every 1-3 months, activated carbon every 6-12 months, and UV lamp annually. Take water samples at least twice a year.

PFAS (forever chemicals) and heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium are hazardous contaminants that cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted. They require special filtration.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most effective method and removes up to 99% of PFAS, heavy metals, pesticides, and other contaminants. RO filters are typically installed at the drinking tap in the kitchen because they provide slow flow and produce wastewater.

For some heavy metals, ion exchange or special filters can also be used, but RO is the safest solution for high levels of contamination.

Important: Always perform a water analysis first to identify the contaminants present and choose the right filter accordingly.

Nitrate primarily comes from agricultural fertilizers, sewage, or organic matter. High nitrate levels indicate influence from human activity or animal husbandry in the vicinity.

Health risks: Nitrate can be converted to nitrite in the body, which can be dangerous for infants (blue baby syndrome). The limit value is 50 mg/l nitrate according to the Swedish Food Agency.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) effectively removes nitrate. Ion exchange filters can also be used. It is important to find and address the source - check sewage, manure pit, and drainage around the well. Seal the well properly to prevent surface water from entering.

Pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) can leach from agriculture, forestry, or gardens into groundwater. Some are carcinogenic or endocrine disruptors.

Limit value: Max 0.1 µg/l per individual substance and 0.5 µg/l total according to the Swedish Food Agency.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most effective method and removes over 95% of pesticides. Activated carbon filters work for some types but not all. For high levels, an RO filter at the drinking tap is always recommended.

If pesticides are detected, contact the municipal environmental office as it may indicate illegal discharges or improper handling in the area.

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of over 4700 chemicals known as "forever chemicals" because they do not break down in nature. They are used in fire-fighting foam, impregnation, packaging, and industry.

Health risks: PFAS can accumulate in the body and have been linked to cancer, hormonal disruptions, weakened immune systems, liver damage, and reproductive problems. PFOS and PFOA, in particular, are well-studied and proven to be dangerous.

Limit values in Sweden: From 2026, a limit value of 4 ng/l (nanograms per liter) for total PFAS in drinking water will apply. This is very low, which demonstrates the seriousness of the substance.

Solution from Svenskt Vattenprov: Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most effective method and removes over 95% of PFAS. We recommend an RO filter at the drinking tap if your water analysis shows PFAS. Activated carbon with special PFAS treatment can also work but is less reliable.

PFAS is most common near fire training grounds, airports, military areas, and industries. If you live nearby, perform a water analysis that includes PFAS. Read more about PFAS in our Knowledge Base.

PFAS contamination is primarily found near areas where fire-fighting foam has been used historically. It can take decades for PFAS to leach into groundwater.

High-risk areas for PFAS:

• Within 2-5 km of fire training grounds (municipal and private)
• Near military airfields (Kallax, Ronneby, Såtenäs, Uppsala, etc.)
• Around civilian airports that have used fire foam
• Industries that have used PFAS (textile, paper, surface treatment)
• Old fire stations
• Landfills where PFAS waste has been stored

How do I find out?

• Contact your municipal environmental office - they often have maps of PFAS areas
• SGU (Geological Survey of Sweden) has databases
• Perform a water analysis that includes PFAS with Svenskt Vattenprov

What do I do if I live in a PFAS area?

1. Analyze the water: Order a PFAS analysis from Svenskt Vattenprov
2. For elevated values: Install an RO filter at the drinking tap
3. Inform neighbors: PFAS contamination is often widespread in an area
4. Contact the municipality: They may be responsible for remediation and alternative water supply

Svenskt Vattenprov's support: We offer professional PFAS analyses from accredited laboratories. The results show which PFAS substances are present and at what concentrations. We provide concrete advice on filters and measures.

Order a PFAS analysis at svensktvattenprov.se or read more about PFAS in our Knowledge Base.

Arsenic is a carcinogenic element that occurs naturally in certain rock types, especially in sulfide ores and shale. It dissolves into groundwater and can reach wells in some parts of Sweden.

Where is arsenic common? Primarily in areas with sulfide ore - parts of Skellefteå, Västerbotten, Bergslagen, and certain parts of southern Sweden. Geological surveys show that some areas have naturally elevated arsenic levels.

Health risks: Long-term exposure to arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. It can also cause skin changes and neurological problems.

Limit value: Max 10 µg/l (micrograms per liter) according to both Swedish and EU drinking water directives. Some wells in risk areas have values of 20-100 µg/l or higher.

Solution from Svenskt Vattenprov: Reverse osmosis (RO) removes over 95% of arsenic. Ion exchange filters with special arsenic resin can also be used. We always recommend professional water analysis from Svenskt Vattenprov if you live in a known risk area.

Read more about arsenic and other heavy metals in our Knowledge Base, where we explain how to interpret your analysis results.

No, arsenic is completely invisible, tasteless, and odorless. You cannot detect arsenic without a professional water analysis. This makes it extra dangerous because you can drink contaminated water for years without knowing it.

Why is it so dangerous? Because arsenic does not cause immediate symptoms, you can be exposed to harmful levels for a long time before health problems arise. Arsenic accumulates in the body, and the damage becomes apparent only after many years of exposure - by then, it may be too late.

Symptoms of long-term exposure:

• Skin changes (spots, thickening)
• Sensory disturbances in hands and feet
• Stomach problems and diarrhea
• Increased risk of cancer (skin, bladder, lungs)
• Cardiovascular problems

How to detect arsenic: The only sure method is to perform a water analysis at an accredited laboratory like Svenskt Vattenprov. We analyze arsenic levels with modern methods and can detect levels down to 1 µg/l.

Where should I be extra careful? If you live in Västerbotten, the Skellefteå area, Bergslagen, or other known ore and shale areas, the risk is higher. Older analyses from the 1980s-90s may not have included arsenic - perform a new analysis!

Svenskt Vattenprov's reliability: Our complete analysis packages always include arsenic. Within 10 days, you will receive a clear answer as to whether your water is safe. For elevated values, we will help you choose the right filter.

Order your water analysis at svensktvattenprov.se today. Read more about arsenic and heavy metals in our Knowledge Base.

Lead pipes were common before the 1950s and may still be present in older houses. Lead is hazardous to health, especially for children, and can cause neurological damage.

How to identify lead pipes:

• Gray/silver-gray color that is easily scratched with a knife
• Soft material (copper is harder)
• Often at the main inlet in older houses
• Perform a water analysis that includes lead

Action: Replace lead pipes with approved materials (copper, PEX, or stainless steel). This is the only permanent solution. Temporarily, you can let the water run for 30 seconds before drinking (flushing out stagnant water), but this is not a long-term solution.

The ROT deduction often applies to the replacement of lead pipes. Reverse osmosis can also remove lead from drinking water at a specific tap.

Radon is a radioactive gas that occurs naturally in bedrock. It can be found in well water, especially in granite areas. When water is used in the shower or kitchen, radon is released into the air, increasing indoor radon levels.

Health risks: Long-term exposure to high radon levels increases the risk of lung cancer. The limit value in drinking water is 1000 Bq/l according to the Swedish Food Agency.

Solution: Aeration of the water (radon escapes into the air), or activated carbon filters that adsorb radon. For very high levels, reverse osmosis can be used. It is also important to measure indoor radon levels and potentially install a radon well.

Uranium is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in certain rock types, especially in granite areas. It can dissolve into groundwater and reach wells.

Health risks: Uranium is both radioactive and chemically toxic. It can damage the kidneys with long-term exposure. The limit value is 30 µg/l according to the Swedish Food Agency.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) removes up to 95% of uranium. Ion exchange filters can also be used but are less effective. For very high levels (over 100 µg/l), you should consider an alternative water source or a professional purification plant.

Uranium and radon often occur in the same areas, so also test for radon if you have uranium in the water.

Uranium is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in granite and other primary rocks. In Sweden, we have a lot of granite, especially in Norrland and Bergslagen, which means uranium can dissolve into groundwater.

Where is uranium most common? Primarily in granite areas - northern Sweden, Bergslagen, parts of Småland and Östergötland. Deeper wells in granite bedrock have a higher risk of uranium.

Health risks: Uranium is both radioactive and chemically toxic. It can damage the kidneys with long-term exposure and increases the long-term risk of cancer. Children and pregnant women are particularly sensitive.

Limit value: Max 30 µg/l according to the Swedish Food Agency. Some wells in granite areas have values of 50-200 µg/l or even higher.

Solution from Svenskt Vattenprov: Reverse osmosis (RO) is the best solution and removes 90-98% of uranium. Ion exchange filters can also be used but are less effective. We offer complete water analyses that include both uranium and radon.

Uranium and radon often appear together. If you have uranium in the water, also test for radon. Read more in our Knowledge Base about radioactive substances in drinking water.

The right filter depends entirely on what your water analysis shows. There is no universal solution - each water problem requires its specific technology.

Quick guide:

• Bacteria (well): UV light
• Bacteria (lake water): Sediment + Activated carbon + UV
• Limescale/hard water: Water softener with ion exchange
• Iron/manganese: Oxidation filter
• Low pH/acidic water: Neutralization filter
• Humus/brown water: Activated carbon or coagulation
• PFAS/heavy metals: Reverse osmosis (RO)
• Multiple problems: Combination solution in series

Important: Always perform a water analysis FIRST before buying a filter. This saves money and ensures you get the right solution for your specific problems.

Conventional filters (mechanical/chemical):

• Filter particles based on size (sediment)
• Adsorb substances chemically (activated carbon)
• Exchange ions (water softener)
• Oxidize metals (iron/manganese filters)
• Allow water and minerals to pass through
• High flow (10-60 liters/min)
• No wastewater

Reverse osmosis (RO):

• Forces water through a membrane with 0.0001 micron pores
• Removes 95-99% of EVERYTHING (minerals, salts, metals, PFAS, bacteria)
• Very low flow (0.1-0.3 liters/min) - requires a tank
• Produces 3-4 liters of wastewater per liter of purified water
• Provides very pure but "empty" water without minerals
• More expensive to operate

When to use what:

• Conventional filters: For the whole house, specific problems (limescale, iron, bacteria)
• RO: At the drinking tap for highest purification, PFAS, heavy metals, or extremely poor water quality

The best solution is often a combination: conventional filters for the whole house + RO at the drinking tap.

Yes, it is often necessary to combine several filters in series to solve various water problems. The order is important!

Typical order for a complete system:

1. Pre-filter/sediment (20-50 microns): Removes coarse particles first
2. Neutralization filter: Raises pH if the water is acidic
3. Iron/manganese filter: If needed - requires correct pH first
4. Water softener: Removes limescale
5. Activated carbon: Improves taste, odor, and removes humus
6. Fine filter (5 microns): Protects UV light from particles
7. UV light: Kills bacteria - must be last when water is clear
8. RO at drinking tap: Extra safety for drinking water

Important: Each filter creates pressure drop - ensure the pump can handle the entire system. Plan maintenance carefully when you have multiple filters.

1. Perform a water analysis first - crucial for choosing the right solution.

2. Determine scope - entire house or only certain taps?

3. Check capacity - sufficient flow and capacity for the household size.

4. Calculate total cost - purchase + running costs (filters, salt, electricity, service).

5. Plan installation - do you need a plumber? ROT deduction? Access to electricity and sewage?

6. Check placement - where is the main water line? Is there space and a frost-free environment?

After installation, take a new water sample to confirm that the filter is working. Schedule regular service and filter replacement according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

There are many quality brands on the market. More important than the brand is choosing the right type of filter for your specific water problem.

Established brands in Sweden: BWT, Pentair, Culligan, Trojan (UV), Katadyn, Aqua Nordic, Nordic Water, 3M, Honeywell.

What you should look for:

• Certifications: NSF, CE marking, Swedish type approval
• Service commitment: Is local service and spare parts available?
• Warranty period: At least 2-5 years on main components
• Documentation: Clear Swedish instructions and manuals
• Performance: Documented purification capability for specific substances

Avoid unknown Chinese products without certification. It is better to invest in quality from the start than to have to replace systems that do not work.

It depends on the filter type and your experience with plumbing work:

Can be installed yourself (with the right tools):

• Simple sediment filters at the main inlet
• Countertop RO filters with ready-made connections
• Activated carbon cartridges that screw on
• Some UV lamps with union connections

Requires a plumber:

• Water softeners with salt tank and drain
• Large oxidation filters with backwashing
• Complex systems with multiple filters
• Anything that requires soldering or welding
• Systems where warranty requires professional installation

Consider: Incorrect installation can cause water damage not covered by insurance. The ROT deduction requires the work to be performed by a certified installer. Always check the warranty terms.

Even if you install it yourself, have a plumber check the installation before you start using the system.

Flow capacity is important - too low flow results in poor pressure when multiple taps are used simultaneously.

Typical flows for household filters:

• Sediment filter (whole house): 30-60 liters/min
• Water softener: 20-40 liters/min (depending on size)
• UV filter: 10-60 liters/min (depending on model)
• Activated carbon (whole house): 20-40 liters/min
• RO filter (under sink): 0.1-0.3 liters/min (very slow but with a tank)

Household needs:

• Shower: 8-15 liters/min
• Dishwasher: 6-10 liters/min
• Washing machine: 10-15 liters/min
• Toilet flush: 4-6 liters/min

For a normal villa, the system needs to handle at least 20-30 liters/min to cope with normal use. With multiple filters in series, account for pressure drop and choose the correct dimensions.

Ion exchange filters (water softeners) use salt to regenerate the resin that removes limescale. Salt is crucial for the filter to function.

Refill salt when:

• The salt level is below half the tank
• You see water on top of the salt
• Salt bridges have formed (break them up)
• The water feels harder again
• During regular checks (every 3-6 months)

Only use salt intended for water softeners - tablets dissolve slower and provide more even regeneration. A normal villa uses about 60-100 kg of salt per year. Always keep at least 1/3 salt in the tank and do not fill completely - leave some space.

Maintenance costs vary depending on filter type and water quality. Here are approximate annual costs:

Water softener (ion exchange): 500-1500 SEK/year for salt + 1000-2000 SEK for service every 2-3 years.

UV light: 500-1000 SEK/year for a new UV lamp.

Activated carbon: 300-1500 SEK/year depending on size and quality.

Sediment filter: 200-800 SEK/year for cartridges.

Oxidation filter (iron/manganese): 500-1500 SEK/year for regeneration chemicals + service.

Reverse osmosis (RO): 800-2000 SEK/year for membranes and pre-filters.

Complete lake water system: 3000-8000 SEK/year for all filters and service.

Water analysis is recommended every 3 years and costs 1500-3000 SEK depending on scope. Save money by following the manufacturer's maintenance schedule - neglected maintenance leads to more expensive repairs.

Common problems and solutions:

No water coming out:

• Check that the main tap is open
• Check that no valve on the filter is closed
• Replace clogged filter cartridges
• Check that it has not frozen

Low pressure:

• Replace all filter cartridges
• Check backwash cycle on oxidation filter
• Clean sediment filter

UV lamp not lit:

• Check fuse and power outlet
• Replace UV lamp (done annually)
• Check quartz sleeve (may be dirty)

Water softener not regenerating:

• Refill salt
• Check power supply
• Check settings on control unit
• Check that no bridging has formed

Leakage: Turn off the water immediately. Check gaskets, tightness of connections, and ensure no components are cracked. For major leaks, contact an installer.

If the problem persists, contact the manufacturer's support or your installer.

Water filters are sensitive to freezing. Ice can crack filter housings, valves, and pressure vessels.

Prevention:

• Install in a heated space (basement, utility room)
• Insulate pipes and filters if there is a risk of freezing
• Use a heating cable with a thermostat in cold areas
• Let the water drip during extreme cold

For holiday homes not used in winter:

• Drain all water from filters and pipes
• Open drain taps
• Remove filter cartridges and store indoors
• Seal filters to prevent dirt
• Use environmentally friendly glycol in siphons

If the filter freezes, thaw gently and check carefully for cracks before using it again.

Holiday homes have special requirements because the water system is not used year-round.

Recommended solution:

• Sediment filter: Easy to empty and store
• Activated carbon: For taste and odor (remove in winter)
• UV light: Perfect for seasonal use - just turn it on when you're there
• Simple design: Avoid complex systems that are difficult to drain

Avoid: Water softeners with salt (difficult to maintain seasonally), large oxidation filters (must backwash regularly even when you're not there).

Winter preparation: Drain all filters and pipes, store cartridges indoors, seal the system. Install drain taps at low points.

For holiday homes by a lake, a compact system with sediment + carbon + UV is ideal.

Electricity consumption varies greatly depending on filter type and size:

UV light: 30-100W continuously = approx. 260-880 kWh/year = 500-1800 SEK/year (depending on electricity price).

Water softener with ion exchange: 10-30W during regeneration (a few hours/week) = approx. 50-150 kWh/year = 100-300 SEK/year.

RO filter with pump: 20-40W during use = approx. 50-200 kWh/year = 100-400 SEK/year (depending on use).

Oxidation filter: 50-150W for pump and control = approx. 200-600 kWh/year = 400-1200 SEK/year.

Complete lake water system: 100-300W = approx. 500-1500 kWh/year = 1000-3000 SEK/year.

Compared to buying bottled water or fetching water, own purification systems are both cheaper and more environmentally friendly in the long run.

The warranty varies between manufacturers but usually covers:

Standard warranty (2-5 years):

• Manufacturing defects in valves, control unit, and pressure vessels
• Defective components under normal use
• Installation by an authorized installer may be required

NOT covered by warranty:

• Consumables (filters, cartridges, UV lamps, salt)
• Damage from incorrect installation or neglected maintenance
• Freezing or water damage
• Normal wear and tear

Tip: Document installation, save receipts, and follow the maintenance schedule. Many manufacturers offer extended warranty for a fee. Always check the warranty terms before purchase.

There are several possibilities for financial support for water filters and well improvements:

ROT deduction: 30% of the labor cost (max 50,000 SEK per person) for installation of water filters in an existing home. Applies to installation by plumbers, electricians, etc.

Municipal grants: Some municipalities provide grants for well improvements or connection to municipal water. Contact your municipality's environmental office.

County Administrative Board grants: In some cases for measures in rural water supply. Often linked to environmental projects.

Boverket (National Board of Housing, Building and Planning) support: For improvement of individual sewage systems (which can affect the well).

Requirements for grants: Often requires a water analysis showing problems, a quote from a certified installer, and documentation of the work. Apply before the work begins!

Contact your municipality first - rules vary between municipalities.

Non-potable water does not meet drinking water requirements and can pose a health risk. You must not use the water for drinking or cooking without remediation.

Immediate measures:

• For bacteria - boil the water for at least 1 minute or use bottled water
• For heavy metals or PFAS - use bottled water (boiling does not help)
• Contact your municipal environmental office for advice

Long-term solution: Based on the analysis result, choose the right filter - UV light for bacteria, water softener for limescale, oxidation filter for iron/manganese, neutralization filter for low pH, or RO for PFAS/heavy metals. After installation, take a new water sample within 2-4 weeks to confirm that the problem is resolved.

Low water pressure can be due to several factors: clogged filters, pump malfunction, too long a pipe, differences in elevation, or leakage.

Common causes:

• Clogged sediment filters or other filters - replace cartridges
• Pump too small for the house's needs
• Leakage in the piping system
• The well has low water availability
• The pressure tank needs adjustment

Solution: Start by checking all filters - this is the most common cause. Then check pressure gauges and pressure switches. If problems persist, have a well driller inspect the well and pump capacity.

Well depth affects both water availability and water quality. There is no universal rule - it depends on geology, groundwater levels, and local conditions.

Typical depths in Sweden:

• Dug well: 3-10 meters - common in clay soil. Risk of surface influence, bacteria, and seasonal variations.
• Drilled well in soil: 10-30 meters - better protection against surface water.
• Rock-drilled well: 30-150 meters (sometimes deeper) - most common in Sweden. Better quality but risk of natural substances from the bedrock.

Depth and water quality:

• Shallow (0-20m): Higher risk of bacteria, nitrate from fertilizer, pesticides, and surface influence. Varies with season.
• Moderate depth (20-50m): Better protection against surface influence but may have high iron/manganese.
• Deep (50-150m+): Least influence from the surface but higher risk of natural substances from bedrock - arsenic, uranium, radon, fluoride.

Svenskt Vattenprov's recommendation: Regardless of depth, you need to perform a water analysis. Shallow wells usually require UV light for bacteria, deep wells may need filters for arsenic or uranium. We help you interpret your analysis and choose the right solution.

Read more about wells and water quality in our Knowledge Base. Order your water analysis at svensktvattenprov.se.

A well can last 30-50 years or more, but performance deteriorates over time.

Signs that the well needs attention:

• Steadily decreasing water level or capacity
• Recurring bacterial problems despite measures
• Increasing sediment/sludge content
• Deteriorating water quality over time
• Visible damage to the well casing
• The well is over 50 years old

Renovation options:

• Flushing: Removes blockages and sludge (5,000-15,000 SEK)
• New pump: Replacement of worn-out pump (10,000-30,000 SEK)
• Sealing: Seal the top and prevent surface water (5,000-20,000 SEK)
• Deepening: Drill deeper if possible (30,000-80,000 SEK)

New well: If renovation does not help, a new well may be needed (80,000-200,000 SEK). Alternatively, connect to municipal water if available nearby (50,000-150,000 SEK).

Always contact a certified well driller for assessment.

Rainwater from the roof is not safe to drink without extensive purification. It can contain bacteria, bird droppings, particles from roof materials, air pollutants, and heavy metals from gutters.

Problems with roof water:

• Bacteria and viruses from birds and animals
• Lead, zinc, or copper from roofing and gutters
• Organic matter (leaves, moss, pollen)
• Air pollutants (soot particles, nitrogen oxides)
• Asbestos from old eternit roofs

If you still want to use rainwater:

1. First flush: Let the first 2-5 minutes of rain run off
2. Pre-filtration: Sediment filter to remove particles
3. Activated carbon: Removes organic matter and odor
4. UV light: MUST be present to kill bacteria
5. RO filter: For drinking water - removes heavy metals

Svenskt Vattenprov's advice: Rainwater can be used for irrigation, washing, and toilets, but for drinking water, we always recommend well or municipal water with appropriate purification. The cost of making rainwater potable is often higher than drilling a well.

If you have your own well or lake water, Svenskt Vattenprov will help you with analysis and advice. Visit svensktvattenprov.se or read more in our Knowledge Base.

Municipal waterworks use chlorine to disinfect water and ensure it is free from bacteria when it reaches your tap. A slight chlorine taste is normal and indicates that the water is safe.

Why is water chlorinated? Chlorine kills bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. It also provides a "residual value" that protects the water in the distribution network all the way to your home. This is especially important in older piping systems.

Is it dangerous? No, the chlorine levels used in Swedish drinking water (0.1-0.5 mg/l) are completely harmless. Sweden has very strict regulations for water quality. However, chlorine can react with organic matter and form trihalomethanes (THM) which are undesirable - waterworks work hard to minimize this.

How do I get rid of the chlorine taste?

• Activated carbon filter: Effectively removes chlorine, tastes, and odors. Can be installed under the sink or as a pitcher filter (Brita type).
• Let the water stand: Chlorine evaporates into the air - let the water stand in the refrigerator for a few hours.
• Boil the water: Chlorine evaporates during boiling, but it also removes oxygen and makes the water taste flat.

Svenskt Vattenprov can help you: We offer water analyses for municipal water too, if you want to check chlorine levels, THM, or other parameters. We can also recommend the right filter to improve the taste.

Visit svensktvattenprov.se for more information or read about chlorine and disinfection in our Knowledge Base.

Microplastics (plastic particles smaller than 5 mm) have been found in both tap water and bottled water worldwide. Research is ongoing regarding the health effects, but there is concern about long-term exposure.

Microplastics come from the breakdown of plastic products, clothing, tires, and industry. They are difficult to filter out with conventional methods.

Solution: Reverse osmosis (RO) with a sufficiently fine membrane (0.0001 micron) can filter out most microplastics. Ultrafiltration can also be used. Sediment filters only remove the largest particles.

Prevention: Reduce plastic use, avoid synthetic clothing, and contribute to reducing plastic emissions into the environment.

Water filters are generally more environmentally friendly than buying bottled water, but there are environmental aspects to consider:

Advantages:

• Eliminates plastic bottles and transportation
• Reduces CO2 emissions compared to purchased water
• Long-term solution with a long lifespan

Environmental impact:

• RO filters: Produce 3-4 liters of wastewater per liter of purified water
• Consumables: Filters, cartridges, and UV lamps must be replaced
• Electricity consumption: UV and pumps require electricity
• Salt: Water softeners discharge salt into the drain

Environmentally friendly choices: Choose filters with recyclable cartridges, minimize wastewater from RO, use eco-labeled chemicals, and recycle old components correctly.

Infants are particularly sensitive to contaminants in water. Some substances that are harmless to adults can harm infants.

Especially important to check:

• Nitrate/nitrite: Max 10 mg/l nitrate for infants (can cause blue baby syndrome)
• Fluoride: Max 0.5 mg/l for infants (dental damage)
• Lead: Zero-tolerance - very dangerous for child development
• Bacteria: Absolutely no E. coli or coliforms
• Sodium: Not too high (can increase from water softeners)

Recommendation: Perform a full water analysis before the child is born. For best safety, use an RO filter at the tap where you mix infant formula. Always boil the water for the first 6 months, even if the analysis is good.

With water softeners, sodium levels can increase - consider having a separate untreated tap for drinking water, or use RO.

Horses are sensitive to water quality and drink large quantities - a mature horse needs 30-60 liters of water per day, more during exercise or warm weather. Poor water can cause diseases, colic, and reduced performance.

Important parameters for horses:

• Bacteria: E. coli and coliform bacteria can cause diarrhea and stomach problems. Horses are more sensitive than humans.
• Iron and manganese: High levels (above 0.3 mg/l iron) give a metallic taste, causing horses to drink less. Can also cause oxidative stress.
• Nitrate: Above 100 mg/l can reduce milk production and cause abortion in horses. Foals are extra sensitive.
• Sulfate: High levels (above 1000 mg/l) can cause diarrhea and dehydration.
• Hard water: Above 500 mg/l total hardness can cause kidney stones in horses.
• pH: Should be between 6.5-8.5. Acidic water can cause stomach ulcers.

Signs of poor water quality:

• The horse drinks less than normal
• Recurrent colic or diarrhea
• Reduced performance and energy
• Poor coat quality
• Weight loss despite normal feeding

Svenskt Vattenprov's recommendation: Perform a water analysis at least once a year at your horse farm. We offer specially adapted analyses for animal husbandry that include all critical parameters for animal health. Clean water is just as important as good feed!

Order water analysis for horse farms at svensktvattenprov.se or contact us for advice on the right filter.

Horse farms often have high demands on water quality and large water volumes. The right filter depends on the water source and analysis results, but here are the most common solutions:

For well water on a horse farm:

• UV light (necessary): Kills bacteria and viruses. Absolutely critical for horse farms where infections can spread quickly among animals. Choose a robust model with high capacity (at least 4000 liters/hour).
• Sediment filter: Removes sand, soil, and particles. Protects the UV lamp and water pipes. Change frequently - horses require a lot of water.
• Iron/manganese filter: For high levels that give a metallic taste. Horses drink more if the water tastes good.
• Activated carbon: Improves taste and odor. Removes chlorine if you have municipal water.

For lake water for a horse farm:

A complete purification system is required: Sediment → Activated carbon → UV light. Also consider an RO filter at the drinking tap in the stable for staff.

Dimensioning:

• Calculate 50 liters/horse/day as a minimum
• The filter must handle peak loads - many horses drink simultaneously after exercise
• Choose a filter size for at least 150% of the need
• Ensure sufficient pressure in all water troughs

Maintenance on a horse farm:

• UV lamp replaced annually - mark it on the calendar!
• Sediment filter replaced every 2-4 months (more frequently with high water consumption)
• Clean water troughs and pipes regularly
• Take water samples twice a year

Important to consider: Place filters in a frost-free area. Horse farms often have cold stable aisles in winter. Install drain taps for easy winter preparation.

All farm animals depend on clean water for health and production. Poor water quality leads to lower milk production, poorer growth, more diseases, and increased mortality.

Cows (milk production):

• A dairy cow drinks 80-150 liters/day - more than any other domestic animal
• Bacteria: High levels cause mastitis and diarrhea in calves
• Nitrate: Over 100 mg/l reduces milk production and can cause abortion
• Sulfate: High levels cause loose stools and copper deficiencies
• Iron/manganese: Over 0.3 mg/l can cause taste deviations in milk
• Hard water: Can cause kidney stones and milk fever

Pigs:

• Pigs drink 10-20 liters/day (sows with piglets up to 40 liters)
• Bacteria: E. coli can spread quickly in the herd
• Iron: High levels can interfere with the absorption of zinc and copper
• Acidic water (pH < 6): Irritates the gastrointestinal tract

Sheep and goats:

• Sheep drink 4-10 liters/day depending on size and lactation
• Bacteria: Causes diarrhea in lambs - high mortality
• Nitrate: Sheep are more sensitive than cows - max 50 mg/l is recommended
• Chloride/sulfate: High levels can cause diarrhea

Chickens and poultry:

• Chickens drink 200-300 ml/day (more in heat)
• Bacteria: Salmonella can spread through water
• Iron/manganese: Gives a metallic taste and lower water intake
• Hard water: Can cause urolithiasis (kidney stones)

Recommended filters for agriculture:

1. UV light: Mandatory for all animal husbandry - prevents the spread of diseases
2. Sediment filter: Protects the UV lamp and water pipes
3. Iron/manganese filter: If needed to improve taste and avoid technical problems
4. Water softener: If the water is very hard (over 15°dH)

Svenskt Vattenprov's Farm Water Analysis: We offer specially adapted water analyses for agriculture that include all critical parameters for animal health. Professional advice on the right filter is included.

Order water analysis for agriculture at svensktvattenprov.se - protect the health and production of your herd!